There r several options
1.Tell ur landlord u do not need the furniture & ask him if he/she can take it & put it back when u leave, or to give it to other tenants.It is common at least where I leave.
2. There must be international students center & some Japanese volunteers, who help them. Since many foreign students r privately sponsored, they usually do not have money for furniture, & u can gain new friends.
3.Sale is also an option, but if the furniture is left behind, this means nobody wanted it even for free(among the teachers).
4.Put ads in expat magazines/sites. Not everyone comes on semi-furnished apartment.
If the furniture originally belongs to the landlord, u have only option 1. If it is ''crap left behind by the previous teacher, all options go.
BTW, they will charge u between 250 to 500 to take the furniture as a garbage, & u have to wait about a month.